As a Baptist, I am a high trust--low control person. I trust local congregations to follow the Spirit and would defend them from outside control. My discomfort is not with this church making their own determination in this matter. Rather, my discomfort is with their labeling independence as the biblical model. Whenever we add the adjective biblical to something, we need to have done our homework—biblically, that is.
We all read the Bible through the lens of our experiences,
culture, and loyalties. It is
not possible to read otherwise. The danger is
that we may label something that is the product of our interpretation as being unquestionably
mandated by the Bible. It is often wise to clarify a statement as our reading of scripture.
My reading of the biblical text leads me to conclude that this church is acting in a way unsupported by the evidence concerning Pauline congregations in the New Testament. I would defend the church’s prerogative to make this decision, but I would suggest that it is not necessarily a move to a “biblical form of church government.”
Connected Clusters of Congregations
The relationship between the churches in the New Testament is anything but crystal clear. It appears that, typically, there were multiple communities in an urban area; but such groups were not seen as independent churches disconnected from one another (Abraham J. Mahlerbe, Social Aspects of Early Christianity, pp. 70ff.). Paul seems to have known of at least three churches in Rome (Romans 16:5, 15, 16), yet he sends a single letter to be shared. There may have been more than one worshipping congregation in Thessalonica (1 Thess. 5:27) and in Laodicea as well (Col. 4:15). The church in Corinth seemed to be composed of multiple worshipping groups, but, again, Paul sends one letter. His greetings and conclusions in his letters suggest that various congregations were in close contact with one another. Paul wrote one letter to an area, expecting the letter to be passed around. It appears that Luke thought of the multiple groups in Jerusalem as one church as he authored the book of Acts (Mahlerbe, p. 70). Clearly, local worshipping communities were organically connected with one another. They could hardly be described as independent. Wayne Meeks writes:
It is evident,
too, that Paul and the other leaders of the mission worked actively to
inculcate the notion of a universal brotherhood of the believers in Messiah
Jesus. The letters themselves, the
messengers who brought them, and the repeated visits to local assemblies by
Paul and his associates all emphasized the interrelatedness…The smallest unit
of the movement is addressed precisely in the epistolary context that reminds
the readers of the larger fellowship by names and groups in other places. (The
First Urban Christians—The Social World of the Apostle Paul, p. 109)
Paul and his coworkers were not simply trying to
foster a sense of connection with the church universal at all times and in all
places. Rather, they were trying to
engender cooperative bonds between flesh and blood congregations in specific
places.I would argue that voluntary connectedness among congregations enriches the life of a church and can, on occasion, prevent a church from becoming captive to the unchecked idiosyncrasies of a leader(s) who wishes to exercise a level of control that is not healthy. When congregations become disconnected from other churches, sometimes they can go off the rails organizationally and theologically. The believers in Corinth benefit from connectedness as Paul guides them through a tough problem in 1 Corinthians 5; this is one of several issues Paul addresses in his letter. Community spawns health. Independence and isolation, when left unchecked, have the potential for pathology.
The Jerusalem Collection
Paul’s multiple references to the “Jerusalem collection” in his letters shows that churches took responsibility for supporting one another (Acts 11:27-30; Gal. 2:10; Romans 15:25-27; 1 Cor. 16:1-4; 2 Cor. 8:1-15 & 9:12-15). This collection for the saints in Jerusalem is woven throughout Paul’s letters. Paul promoted a sense of connection and mutual care through this effort. The model here is not independence and isolation.
Church Leadership
The New Testament letters talk about elders and bishops with respect to cities, not individual churches. The implication seems to be that there were multiple congregations in a city, for whom these leaders cared. In Acts 20:17, Paul makes contact with the elders from Ephesus; they are identified with the city itself. In Acts 14:23, Paul appoints leaders “church by church” (κατ’ ἐκκλησίαν). Given that a series of cities is listed in vs. 21-22, the implication is that these leaders were a common link for the congregations in each city (Mahlerbe, p. 101).
Even if the above paragraph is not convincing, at a minimum the appointment of elders by respected leaders in the broader Christian family indicates a strong connective network among congregations (Acts 14:23 and Titus 1:5). These are not independent isolated fellowships.
The Jerusalem Council
Furthermore, the leaders in the Jerusalem church decide the issue of direct Gentile admission to the churches throughout the Roman Empire and what practices believing Gentiles must observe. This edict is then communicated and, presumably, practiced throughout the New Testament churches (Acts 15:1-35 and 16:4-5). These are not Lone Ranger congregations.
Although Paul asserts an authority bestowed on him directly by Jesus Christ, he does point out that he received the endorsement of the Jerusalem leaders (Gal. 2:1-9). Apparently he feels this strengthens his hand among the believers in the province of Galatia. This suggests something other than a mentality of independence and indifference on the part of these congregations, as well.
In Our Day
These leadership links between churches, although quite effective in the early days of the church, would make me a little nervous in our day. As a Baptist, I am not comfortable with outsiders dictating to local churches what they must and must not do and whom they may and may not call as leaders. As a Regional Executive Minister, I spend not a small amount of time explaining to congregations that I cannot and will not dictate practices to them; I will not make their decisions for them. Freedom is core to Baptist practice and identity. I am happy being a low control--high trust Baptist. Nonetheless, I affirm the values of connectedness and mutual care among churches evident in these earliest Christian congregations.
Individualism is a marked characteristic of American culture. Our culture inevitably shapes our congregations. If a congregation wishes to become isolated and independent, I wish them all the best. The error is to claim that the Bible values individualism and isolation over community, cooperation, and mutual support. The texts of the New Testament indicate otherwise.
Jim Kelsey
Executive Minister of the American Baptist Churches of New York State
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